The Ancient Egyptian Civilization thrived along the Nile River, predominantly from around 3100 BCE to 30 BCE. It is known for its monumental architecture, such as the Pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx. Egyptians made significant advances in mathematics, medicine, and engineering. The civilization was ruled by Pharaohs, with notable rulers like Tutankhamun, Ramses II, and Cleopatra VII. The Egyptians developed a writing system known as hieroglyphs, with the Rosetta Stone being key to their deciphering. The civilization practiced polytheism, worshiping gods like Ra and Osiris. Ancient Egyptian society was highly stratified, and their knowledge of mummification reflects their beliefs in the afterlife.